The impact of mammalian insectivores Rattus rattus (Rat), Mus musculus (Mouse) & Erinaceus europeus (Hedgehog) on the size and abundance of mainland Coleoptera and Orthoptera

The impact of introduced mammalian predators on indigenous vertebrates is relatively well documented, however the general responses of indigenous invertebrate communities is less well known. Many indigenous invertebrates, particularly the large flightless species such as those in the genus Deinacrida (Orthoptera) and Anagotus (Curculionidae) have been extirpated from much of their range due largely to the impacts of introduced predators. Despite these well-known examples very little is known about the general impact of introduced predators on invertebrate communities. Beginning in 2012 pitfall traps and artificial wētā motels were established across seven study sites in the Aorangi and Remutaka ranges east of Wellington alternately baited with squid and monitored two to three times annually. Mammal tracking took place in the form of tracking tunnels giving three mammal indexes for rats (Rattus rattus), mice (Mus musculus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europeus). Cavity dwelling wētā in wētā motels were measured and counted in situ whilst pitfall trapped Coleoptera and Orthoptera were transported to the lab for measuring and identification. Linear mixed effects model, type 3 ANOVAS and generalised linear mixed models were used to examine whether mammal index had any impact on the size and the catch or occupancy of invertebrates. Increased rat and mouse tracking was associated with reduced coleoptera catch whilst increased hedgehog tracking was correlated with increases in Coleoptera catch. Pitfall trapped wētā (Hemiandrus spp) showed strong negative responses to increased rat tracking, neutral responses to mice and positive responses to hedgehogs. Tree wētā (Hemideina crassidens) occupancy rates declined in response to increased mouse abundance whilst the mean size of tree wētā residing in wētā motels showed an increase in response to rats and mice. These results show the complexity of understanding mammal invertebrate interactions which cannot be expected to be the same in all environments or across all taxa. Environmental factors typically impact far more strongly on invertebrate populations than they do on vertebrates and can obscure the impacts of top down predation in such studies. The results reported in this study only became apparent after 5+ years of sampling, demonstrating the importance of long-term temporal analysis of invertebrate communities in response to mammals before trends start to emerge. More research is required into the basic ecology and population dynamics of invertebrate communities before more general trends can be discerned.