Democratising Design - Exploring Artificial Intelligence and Procedural Modelling in Multi-material 3D Printing

<p><strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to grow rapidly across design disciplines, offering unprecedented advantages in simplifying complex workflows in additive manufacturing (AM), particularly in multi-material 3D printing (MMP). While MMP enables the creation of materially heterogeneous objects within a single print, it remains largely inaccessible to many due to the technical experience required for traditional computer-aided design (CAD) systems.</strong></p><p>As MMP continue to advance, the lack of intuitive and inclusive design tools limits broader engagement with these technologies. In response, ‘Democratising Design’ explores the potential of AI and procedural modelling tools in supporting a more diverse range of users in MMP. A Research for Design approach is used to identify key barriers in MMP and to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of AI and procedural modelling tools. Design precedents are also analysed to understand how similar tools have been applied in digital fabrication. Research Through Design is employed as the primary approach for this research, using an iterative design process and prototyping to develop a proof of concept.</p><p>This research presents a conceptual workflow that combines AI-generated geometry with procedural modelling, demonstrated through designed 3D printed objects. It highlights the value of hybrid workflows in automating and simplifying complex digital fabrication while maintaining user authorship and creative control. The work reveals the potential of these systems to support adaptable solutions that respond to the evolving needs of AM and contributes to the uptake of MMP by proposing more intuitive and efficient design workflows.</p>